Evidence base

Scientific References

Key bibliographic references supporting the calculators and clinical decision-support tools available on Critical Care Tools.

Core references by topic

This page compiles representative literature used as the scientific basis for several calculators and educational resources across the platform.

Mechanical Ventilation and Acute Respiratory Distress

  1. Fan E, Del Sorbo L, Goligher EC, et al. Mechanical Ventilation in Adult Patients with ARDS. NEJM. 2017.
  2. Amato MBP, Meade MO, Slutsky AS, et al. Driving Pressure and Survival in ARDS. NEJM. 2015.

Acid–Base Disorders and Electrolytes

  1. Kellum JA, Elbers PWG. Stewart’s Textbook of Acid–Base. Elsevier. 2019.
  2. Kraut JA, Madias NE. Metabolic Acidosis. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2018.

Hemodynamic Monitoring

  1. Cecconi M, De Backer D, Antonelli M, et al. Consensus on circulatory shock. Intensive Care Medicine. 2014.
  2. Magder S. Understanding central venous pressure. Critical Care. 2015.

Critical Care Pharmacology (Vancomycin)

  1. Rybak MJ, Le J, Lodise TP, et al. Therapeutic Monitoring of Vancomycin. AJHP. 2020.
  2. UpToDate. Vancomycin: Parenteral dosing and monitoring.

Nutritional Support in the Critically Ill Patient

  1. McClave SA, Taylor BE, Martindale RG, et al. Nutrition Support Therapy Guidelines. JPEN. 2016.
  2. Singer P, Blaser AR, Berger MM, et al. ESPEN Guideline. Clinical Nutrition. 2019.
  3. Casaer MP, Van den Berghe G. Nutrition in Acute Critical Illness. NEJM. 2014.

ICU Scoring Systems and Prognosis

  1. Knaus WA, Draper EA, Wagner DP, et al. APACHE II. Critical Care Medicine. 1985.
  2. Le Gall JR, Lemeshow S, Saulnier F. SAPS II. JAMA. 1993.