Hemodynamic Monitoring
Practical calculators for bedside hemodynamic assessment in critically ill patients.
Educational and clinical support tools. Always interpret results within the full clinical context.
Cardiac Output by Echocardiography (VTI)
Cardiac output estimation using LVOT diameter, LVOT VTI and heart rate.
Fractional Shortening (FS)
Simplified echocardiographic estimate of left ventricular systolic function.
Oxygen Delivery and Consumption
Calculates DO₂, VO₂ and oxygen extraction ratio from cardiac output, hemoglobin, arterial oxygenation and venous oxygenation.
Pressures and Systemic Vascular Resistance (SVR)
Systemic vascular resistance estimated from mean arterial pressure, central venous pressure and cardiac output.
Clinical basis of hemodynamic monitoring in the ICU
Hemodynamic monitoring is essential in critically ill patients to assess tissue perfusion, cardiac function and vascular tone. These tools support bedside interpretation of cardiovascular status.
Cardiac output by echocardiography
Estimation of cardiac output from LVOT diameter, velocity-time integral and heart rate provides a non-invasive approach to assess circulatory performance and response to therapy.
Fractional shortening
Fractional shortening is a simplified index of left ventricular systolic performance and may help identify depressed, preserved or hyperdynamic function in the appropriate context.
Oxygen delivery and extraction
DO₂, VO₂ and oxygen extraction ratio provide complementary information on the balance between oxygen transport and tissue demand, especially in shock states or severe hypoxemia.
Systemic vascular resistance
SVR helps characterize distributive, cardiogenic or vasoconstrictive hemodynamic patterns and may support therapeutic decisions regarding fluids, vasopressors and inotropes.
Clinical warning
These tools are intended for educational and clinical support purposes only. They do not replace medical judgment, ultrasound expertise, invasive monitoring when indicated, or institutional protocols.